The history of Nepal is deeply rooted in the Kathmandu Valley, beginning with the Kirantis, who are believed to have ruled from around the 7th or 8th century B.C. Among their prominent leaders was King Yalambar, who is even referenced in ancient legends. Around 300 A.D., the Lichhavis arrived from northern India and overthrew the Kirantis, ushering in a new era of governance. One of their notable legacies is the Changu Narayan Temple near Bhaktapur, which dates back to the 5th century and remains a masterpiece of Nepalese art and architecture.

In the early 7th century, the Thakuri king Amshuverma took the throne, marking another transition in Nepalese rule. While the Lichhavis contributed significantly to art and architecture, it was under the Malla rulers—who came to power around 1200 A.D.—that Nepal witnessed a golden age of creativity. The Mallas built numerous temples, palaces, and public squares, shaping the cultural landscape of the Kathmandu Valley. Their rule also saw the development of well-organized cities, the introduction of religious festivals, and a flourishing of literature, music, and art.

Following the death of King Yaksha Malla, the valley was divided into three rival kingdoms—Kathmandu (Kantipur), Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon), and Patan (Lalitpur). This division spurred competition among the kingdoms, leading to further advancements in architecture and culture. Beyond the valley, Nepal consisted of multiple small principalities, including the Kingdom of Gorkha.

In the mid-18th century, King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha launched a campaign to unify Nepal. By 1769, he had conquered the Kathmandu Valley and established the Shah dynasty. Rather than ruling from Gorkha, he made Kathmandu the capital, laying the foundation for a unified Nepal. The Shah dynasty continued to rule until 2008, when the monarchy was abolished, transitioning Nepal into a federal democratic republic.